Adolf Hitler And The Holocaust - 2948 Words

Adolf Hitler, chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945 and fà ¼hrer of Nazi Germany from 1934 to 1945, was the mastermind behind both World War II within Europe and the Holocaust. In the â€Å"Final Solution,† concentration and extermination camps were implemented in an attempt to rid of the Jewish population entirely. Such a task, genocide, would not be done easily. By the end of World War II, over six million Jews had been killed. However, not merely Jews were subject to mass murder, but nearly five million non-Jewish people. Out of all of these deaths, a range from 1,885,889 to 2,045,215 were in the concentration camp system. Furthermore, approximately one million of these deaths were carried out within the Auschwitz concentration camp complex. Thus, one in every six Jews killed during the holocaust was killed at an Auschwitz camp. These extermination camps were the only means by which such a multitude of murder could have been efficiently accomplished. The systematic mech anization of mass murder, using gas chambers and crematoria, made such high death tolls fathomable, making efficient killing easier both physically and psychologically. The concentration camp system was established well before World War II and the â€Å"Final Solution.† The camps had commonly been constructed in desolate places, free from German jurisdiction. Thus, allowing murder in both large and small amounts to be carried out surreptitiously. Some, if not most, of these murders being cursorily reported. AsShow MoreRelatedAdolf Hitler and the Holocaust1249 Words   |  5 PagesAdolf Hitler was the driving force behind the Holocaust. Many people think he was insane to torture the human race that way. Others praise him for attempting to exterminate the Jewish people. Some wonder what was going on inside his head when he had the first thought and/or plan of the Holocaust. A majority of the world just want to know what drove him or what made him hate the Jewish race so much. Studying Adolf Hitler’s beliefs can give the world history because he gave the world an insightRead MoreAdolf Hitler And The Holocaust1078 Words   |  5 Pages Adolf Hitler played a major role in WWII. Hitler was anti-Semitic. Anti-Semitic is to be against Jews. Hitler’s perspective of perfection was a blue-eyed, blonde-haired white person; most Jews did not fit this description. This view is what caused the Holocaust. The Holocaust was a period of time in which many Jews were killed in camps. He also believed that he could bring Germany to greatness once again. Because of Adolf Hitler’s actions and beliefs, he was an important figure inRead MoreAdolf Hitler And The Holocaust Essay905 Words   |  4 PagesAuschwitz On January 30, 1933 Adolf Hitler was appointed the German chancellor. This was the beginning of the most tragic and horrifying mass murder the world has ever known. Adolf Hitler was a man who despised Jews and blamed them for everything that had gone wrong in Germany. He wanted to annihilate every living Jew in Germany through a plan that he called â€Å"The Final Solution.† To fulfill his master plan, he appointed German SS officers to round up mass amounts of Jews and ship them off to deathRead MoreAdolf Hitler And The Holocaust Essay1105 Words   |  5 PagesAdolf Hitler and the Holocaust. The Holocaust is the word used to describe the mass murder of approximately six million European Jews during Adolf Hitler’s rule in Germany. Among the Jews were also other groups described as â€Å"Sub-Humans† such as Gypsies, homosexuals, intellectually challenged, political prisoners and most Eastern Europeans. German lacked confidence in their weak system, the Weimer Republic. Adolf Hitler, the chairman of the Nazi Party by 1921, was a World War I veteran who still believedRead MoreAdolf Hitler And The Holocaust1667 Words   |  7 Pagesthe more sharply they became distinguished in my eyes from the rest of humanity,† Hitler wrote in Mein Kampf, describing his feelings when he first arrived in Vienna in 1925 and began to develop anti-Semitic ideas. The Holocaust was when the Nazi’s eliminated the Jewish people under Hitler’s rule. This was one of the most gruesome events in world history. There were three main reasons why Hitler started the Holoca ust and exterminated the Jews: he had a need for power; he was convinced the loss ofRead MoreAdolf Hitler And The Holocaust2262 Words   |  10 PagesWhen Adolf Hitler rose to power in 1933, he had a belief that race was the sole matter that defined the culture of a civilization. He influenced the country of Germany to change the ideological values that they previously abided by. This change marked the beginning of a new era, which led to the most pure ideological genocide that can be remembered to this day since there was no pragmatic motivation throughout the time period the Holocaust took place. It is a dark mark in the history of westernRead MoreAdolf Hitler and The Holocaust Essay729 Words   |  3 Pageshandicaps. This geonocide, led by Adolf Hitler, who was the chancellor and future dictator of Germany, resulted in the death of six million Jews and thousands of other innocents. The Holocaust is arguably the worst thing that has happened in our history. In our modern world we still have racist and religious problems accross the world particularly in the Middle East and Africa. By studying the Holocaust we can learn many things and gain a perspective on our lives. Adolf Hitler, leader of the Nazi politicalRead MoreAdolf Hitler and The Holocaust Essay1519 Words   |  7 Pages On January 30th, 1933, Adolf Hitler became a dictator of Germany, which marked the start of the twelve year massacre, the Holocaust. The Holocaust lasted until May 8th, 1945, when Europe won World War II. During the event of the Holocaust, six million Jewish followers were murdered; nearly two-thirds of the European Jewish population and one-third of all the Jewish population in the world. The Nazi Party not only targeted the Jews, but communists, Marxists, and anyone who stood up to, or posedRead MoreAdolf Hitler and the Holocaust Essay1114 Words   |  5 Pages Germany’s fate was changed on April 20, 1889, the day I, Adolf Hitler was born to German official, Alois and my dear, Klara Hitler. Little did they know of what a miracle that had blessed them that day. My destiny was decided for me every time my father lectured me about the abhor Jews, taking up our German property, and beat me for the childish mistakes I made. I realized my destiny was to punish the faults in our once perfect nation. My father’s strict upper hand was not the only contributionRead MoreAdolf Hitler and the Holocaust Essay611 Words   |  3 Pagesquestion, Why? Why would someone like Hitler murder millions of people in an act of mass genocide? I personally think that no one truly knows the answer to that question I do however, however know why we would study something like the Holocaust, and likewise WWII. In order to explain it sufficiently I think that one must start with the story of Adolf Hitler. In 1889, on April 20th Adolf Hitler was born. As a young Austrian boy, Hitler wanted to be an artist and applied at

Book Report of the Novel Crime and Punishment - 2095 Words

The 22nd Annual Book Report Competition For Secondary School Students The 2nd Runner Up of English Senior Section |Name of School |: Wa Ying College | |Name of Award Student |: Chow Tsz Yin, Amelia | |Title of Book Read |: Crime and Punishment | |Author |: Fyodor Dostoyevsky | |Publisher |: Penguin†¦show more content†¦The criminal must atone for it and must seek forgiveness. Raskolnikov at first tries to rationalize his crime by offering various explanations to himself. Foremost among these is his â€Å"superman† theory. By definition, the superman theory denies any possibility of atonement. The superman does not need to atone, because he is permitted to commit any crime in order to further his own ends. Raskolnikov also rationalizes his crime by arguing that the old pawnbroker is of no use to anyone; in killing her, he is ridding the world of an unpleasant person. Driven by poverty, he also claims that he wants to use her money to better his position in life. In the course of the book, he comes to realize that none of these excuses justifies his crime. Raskolnikov’s reasons for fearing arrest are equally complex. It is clear, however, that without the example and the urging of Sonya, he would not be able to seek forgiveness. He finds it remarkable that when he confesses his crime to Sonya, she immediately forgives him. She urges him to bow down before God and make a public confession. This act of contrition, she believes, will enable him to begin to cleanse his soul. Svidrigailov is aware of his own guilt, but he does not seek forgiveness. Unlike Raskolnikov, he does not believe in the possibility of forgiveness. In giving money to Sonya and others, he attempts a partial atonement for his sins. However, even these gestures are motivated partly by base self-interest. Because he isShow MoreRelatedBook Report of the Novel Crime and Punishment2105 Words   |  9 PagesThe 22nd Annual Book Report Competition For Secondary School Students The 2nd Runner Up of English Senior Section |Name of School |: Wa Ying College | |Name of Award Student |: Chow Tsz Yin, Amelia | |Title of Book Read |: Crime and Punishment Read MoreTruman Capote s Cold Blood1620 Words   |  7 Pagesstories, and famously for his notable work-- Breakfast at Tiffany’s. Not only was this novel popular back in the 1950’s, Capote released a later novel that drew in many fans-- In Cold Blood. The very formation of Capote s novels and short stories seems to be increasingly insufficient to the eccentric dynamics of the time era (nytimes). Agonizing, horrible, surfeited with disasters -- all used to describe the crime novel in which Truman Capote spent more than five years untangling and following the truthRead MoreThe Criminal State of Mind1681 Words   |  7 Pages1. Crime is a violation of the criminal law, and it is also related to sociology because it is an action that society considers wrong to do. The current state of mind of the criminal can also affect the intention of the crime. The m ost common crimes in our society are burglary and robbery. These are two different types of crimes. Burglary is the act of stealing without any violence, and robbery is the act of stealing with the force or threat of violence. The terms Actus Reus (guilty act) and MensRead MoreSummary Of Crime And Punishment By Fyodor Dostoyevsky1138 Words   |  5 PagesThe book Crime and Punishment by Fyodor Dostoyevsky takes place in St. Petersburg, Russia in the 1860s. It is about Raskolnikov, an impoverished former student, who devises and carries out a plan to kill Alyona Ivanovna, a pawnbroker, and unexpectedly killed her sister as well. The rest of the story follows him as he deals with his guilt. Eventually, he confesses to the crime and goes to prison. Although Crime and Punishment is about the fictional actions of a specific character, it does reveal detailsRead MoreTo Kill a Mockingbird Justice1545 Words   |  7 Pagesjustice doesnt always prevail. Atticus knows that the jury would be biased against Arthur Radley and therefore uses his principles and idea of what justice should be rather than rely on a judicial system that might be fallible and decides not to report him. Both Tom Robinson and Boo Radley are mockingbirds who are destroyed by the injustice of Maycomb. Tom is an innocent man, yet when at a trial that any white man could win he is found guilty. In spite of the fact that everyone in the courtroomRead MoreCalifornia Prison System986 Words   |  4 Pagesimmigration and population growth surged, especially amongst foreign convicts and â€Å"aliens†, resulting in increased crime. At first, it was decided that punishment for small crimes would be a beating by whip while punishment for serious crimes, like robbery or murder, would be hanging (Kidport).After becoming a state in 1850, the California governor John McDougal reacted to this method of punishment by beginning what is known as the California Prison System. The first prison within California was San QuentinRead MoreCrime And Punishment By Fyodor Dostoevsky1708 Words   |  7 PagesDostoevsky’s novel Crime and Punishment, great attention is paid to Raskolnikov’s i nner life, yet it is equally important to attend to those outside forces that affect him. A significant but overlooked part of the novel, then, is how the city of St. Petersburg affects Raskolnikov. Through my reading, I found it interesting that Raskolnikov regularly traverses the city’s bridges and uses them as a place for reflection. Overall, there are twenty-five appearances of the word â€Å"bridge† in the novel, and soRead MoreLeo Tolstoys Handji Murat Essay1736 Words   |  7 Pages Hadji Murat, Tolstoy’s second book with the Caucasus as its setting can be considered a work of historical fiction that is a beautiful tale of resistance, and a window into not only the Caucasian War of the mid-nineteenth century, but also the culture of the Russian Empire during this period. As a work of fiction the reader must be wary of depictions of actual persons such as Tsar Nicholas I, whom Tolstoy was not enamored with, to say the least, but many insights about the pe riod and its peopleRead MoreTotalitarianism And Dystopia In George Orwells 19841207 Words   |  5 PagesGeorge Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-four The novel, Nineteen Eighty-four or 1984, written by George Orwell concentrates on the idea of a future, a future in which the world is divide into three super state, namely Oceania, Eurasia and Eastasia after a global war. The three super state continued to wage war against each other in order to take control of the remaining lands, the war still continued in order to have ideological control over the people. The plot of the novel is set in the province of Oceania whichRead MoreCold Blood Is A Book By Truman Capote956 Words   |  4 PagesIn Cold Blood is a book written by Truman Capote. It’s a non-fictional book written in the style of a creative fictional book. The story follows two criminals, Dick and Perry, after they’ve murdered four members of the Clutter family. The already experienced murderers make sure to leave no evidence, clues, or traces to them in the crime scene. As investigators attempt to figure out the mystery of the Clutter family murders, Dick and P erry make their way to Mexico until they get found out and get

Im the King of the Castle Essay Example For Students

Im the King of the Castle Essay Thinking of the phrase Im the king of the castle brings back memories of childish games and friendly dominance. As a child you have vanquished your foe and gained superiority over the rest of your kingdom. The plight for this feeling of control is the main theme of Susan Hills Im the king of the castle, and is the fuel which drives this tragic tale of two isolated childrens exploration into the nature of cruelty and the power of evil. The book is set in the 1960s in the town of Derne, Dorset, but the main focus lies in Warings, an estate where Edmund Hooper and his father live. Warings is an isolated country house with great grounds surrounding it, including a vast wood known as Hang Wood. The different settings show off the two main characters strengths and weaknesses, and definitely are a huge part of the quest for superiority, with Edmund having the immediate home advantage. Edmund Hooper and Charles Kingshaw are eleven-year-old boys. Charles mother Helena has been hired at the Warings estate as an informal housekeeper, but deep down it seems that she is just there to give Joseph Hooper his desired companionship. Both Helena and Joseph are widowed, have recovered from their loss, and now are in search for what they used to have. It looks like their falling in love is inevitable. Charles arrival was vastly unwelcome for Edmund from the start, as Edmund made obvious by dropping him a note when he first arrives, reading I DidnT Want You To Come HerE. This short sentence makes it perfectly clear that the boys wouldnt be friends immediately, and are most likely to be enemies. This concept of invading someones home and trying to take it over has connotations with medieval times of castles and knights. Edmund feels threatened by the new arrivals; Its my house, he thinks, it is private, I got here first. Nobody should come here. Edmund liked his way of life before, Warings was the castle, and he was king, now there are intruders which he just cant accept. Edmund appears to be a natural born leader; one of his hobbies is drawing up battle plans. When hes on his home ground, Everything is mine, and nothing is yours, he believes, in a rather spoilt Kingly manner. Edmund knows his castle back-to-front, he sees all and knows all, making Kingshaw desperate. How could he compete with that? Kingshaw is a very determined person. He is very proud, he refuses to just be the dirty rascal, he wants to be king. When his father died he lost the crown, in his view he has to reclaim his rightful place on the throne. He will be king or at least die trying. He knows that he cant surrender to Hooper, at any costs. In the worst of times he tries to hide his despair and disbelief, not letting Edmund see his weakness, but Edmund can see through him. He knows how to manipulate a situation to his advantage, in his castle he has no weakness, here he is a natural born bully. Edmund uses his knowledge of Warings as a means of torture. For example the eerie red room shows how he has grown used to everything that an outsider may be scared of. Mrs. Helena Kingshaw does not help her sons case. She is staying in a castle and wants this to remain a long-term job; she wants to be queen, and she wants a better life for herself. She has to side with her future king, Joseph Hooper. Everyone is allied with Edmund against Charles. Within the castle Edmunds power faces no serious opposition, but once removed he quickly loses self-control and therefore control over everything around him. .ucecd1bcda767710f81cf139589866cd9 , .ucecd1bcda767710f81cf139589866cd9 .postImageUrl , .ucecd1bcda767710f81cf139589866cd9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ucecd1bcda767710f81cf139589866cd9 , .ucecd1bcda767710f81cf139589866cd9:hover , .ucecd1bcda767710f81cf139589866cd9:visited , .ucecd1bcda767710f81cf139589866cd9:active { border:0!important; } .ucecd1bcda767710f81cf139589866cd9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ucecd1bcda767710f81cf139589866cd9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ucecd1bcda767710f81cf139589866cd9:active , .ucecd1bcda767710f81cf139589866cd9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ucecd1bcda767710f81cf139589866cd9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ucecd1bcda767710f81cf139589866cd9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ucecd1bcda767710f81cf139589866cd9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ucecd1bcda767710f81cf139589866cd9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ucecd1bcda767710f81cf139589866cd9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ucecd1bcda767710f81cf139589866cd9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ucecd1bcda767710f81cf139589866cd9 .ucecd1bcda767710f81cf139589866cd9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ucecd1bcda767710f81cf139589866cd9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Adventures Of Huck Finn And Morality EssayHe is not used to being away from his castle, his fort, and does not know how to react. His kingdom slips away as he becomes hysterical in the unfamiliar territory of Hang Wood, and later Leydell Castle. Theyll never find us, he says when lost, even if they send a hundred people, they might not ever find us. Charles takes advantage of Edmunds extreme weakness and seizes power. This does not last long though, as they do get rescued and return to Warings. It is as if the whole scene had never happened; Edmund has regained his throne and gathered an even greater advantage. Charles experienced what he may never get again; he was built-up to be knocked down. On the trip to Leydell Castle Hooper was vulnerable again. Kingshaw could see his chance. When climbing up a wall Edmund got scared and could not move: Ill fall off, Ill fall off, Kingshaw my handsll slip I dont like it, I dont like it. I dont want to see down. This is contrary to what youd expect from the title of the novel, which suggests surety and confidence in ones position. Hooper for a moment does not want to be the king of the castle. The title infers pride and dominance, not cowardice and subservience. Charles knew that Edmund was depending on him to get down, he had complete control. I could kill him, I could make him fall just by looking at him There is nothing I cant ask him for, nothing he wont promise me. Up here, Im the king. This is Charles Kingshaws climax; the greatest feeling for him is summarised in the title of the novel, he has the potential to change everything at this point. The title of Hills novel reflects the ultimate aim of the two main characters. They are so consumed by the task of achieving and retaining their kingdom that they are blind to anything else. Having reached his peak Kingshaw is forced back into complete inferiority. After all hes been through, this is too much for him to bear. Charles just cant accept his given role. He has reached his low, but still sees things getting worse; any ray of hope has disappeared. Susan Hill leaves Charles Kingshaw with only way to escape Edmunds tyranny: to take his own life. It is only through this tragedy that he can finally be free. When he saw Kingshaws body, upside-down in the water, Hooper thought suddenly, it was because of me, I did that, it was because of me, and a spurt of triumph went through him.

The Mummy returns Essay Example

The Mummy returns Paper How does the opening sequence of your chosen film create meaning and atmosphere for the audience? I have chosen The Mummy Returns. Sound The narrator directly addresses the audience. It is used at the beginning to set the scene and describes what has happened up to the present day, so the audience understand what’s happening. Parallel sound is used throughout. Sound bridges happen throughout the sequence. For example, when the battles are taking place, and the scene cuts between different shots. This gives continuity to the film. The soundtrack uses many features to involve the audience, and create an atmosphere. For example, in the battle scene at the beginning, the drums and the chanting help to build an atmosphere of excitement, and the importance of the battle and the scorpion king. As the scene moves into the temple, the soundtrack uses eerie noises, and high pitched notes to unsettle the audience adding to a tense atmosphere. The soundtrack is also used to show relationships between characters. When Evelyn and Rick are alone in the temple the music becomes slow and romantic. Diegetic sound is used throughout the sequence to help get the scene. It is used in a lot of different places from swords clashing in battle scenes, to snakes hissing in the tomb, to water rushing through the tunnels. Lighting The film starts in the desert. The light used is a very high key top light. This represents the sun in the desert. It portrays a feeling of intense heat to the audience. It also creates different shadows on different parts of the scene, helping to give a sense of time. Inside the temple, lots of different effects are used to create different moods. We will write a custom essay sample on The Mummy returns specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Mummy returns specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Mummy returns specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer At the beginning a backlight is used on its own to create a clear silhouette of Rick, adding to the suspense. The lighting underground is low key because there is no natural light. It also creates deep distinct shadows adding to the feeling of fear and a scary atmosphere. Under lighting is used on the scorpions to give them long, deformed shadows making them seem bigger, unsettling the audience. Lit torches are used as the main source of light. His gives flickering shadows adding to a tense atmosphere. Under lighting is used on the faces of the three men. It gives shadows on their faces and makes them look sinister, therefore making the audience presume they are the ‘bad guys’. The opposite effect is used on Alex, using high key lighting, so the audience presume the opposite. Other effects such as spotlights are also used when the bracelet is in the frame, to show its importance. Darkness is used near the end of the scene to represent claustrophobic conditions when the water starts to come in. Framing The scene begins with a master shot of the entire place where the following scene takes place. It includes the whole background for reference to later in the film. An establishing shot is also used it shows all of both the armies. It helps to set the scene for the audience. As the battle takes place, mixtures of medium long shots and mid shots are used. This means all the action can be seen, while facial expressions can still be seen. High angles are used throughout increasing the audience’s sense of power over the army, involving them. In the desert, long shots are used to show the army in the desolate surrounding. It increases the feeling of desperation of the men. At the end of the desert scene a very high angle is used on the scorpion king so he looks small, making the audience almost pity him. Inside the temple, a lot of mid shots and close ups are used. This helps to increase the feel of the small tunnels. It also shows the characters are all important. Straight angled shots are used to put the audience on the same level as all the main characters. The audience do not need to feel sorry for, or to feel intimidated by any of the characters. Point of view shots are used to give a characters perspective of looking down a corridor, in the case of Rick when he is in the temple. It shows the fear the characters must be feeling appeals to the audience directly to emphasize with them. At the end of the scene, a lot of medium long shots are used to enable the audience to see all the action taking place as it builds to a climax. Camera movement As the sequence begins, the camera uses a lot of fast panning. This is to increase the tense mood and the feeling of the action. It pans across the army showing everyone waiting to fight. This effect sets the scene for the audience and shows the expanse of the army. The scorpion king is tracked to increase his important. It is fast which creates excitement. A steadicam is used a lot to show different aspects of the moving battle but to keep the shots smooth. A handheld camera is also used to convey an atmosphere of chaos to the audience and to involve the audience, making them feel as if they are actually there. When the sequence cuts to the section inside the temple the camera uses tracking to help the audience crate an emotional attachment with Rick. Zooming in is used when Rick and Evelyn meet. It gives the section a romantic feel and gives the audience a feeling of closeness increasing a relaxed atmosphere, which is then opposite to other scenes. A lot of panning is used throughout the rest of the scene, for example, when Alex runs across the temple floor. He is also tracked to show he is important in that particular scene, making the focus on him. It also involves the audience a lot more in the film. Zooming in is used when the bracelet is in this box in the vision. This shows it’s important and focus’s the audience’s attention on it. Zooming is also used when one of the three men says â€Å"we do not want to wake the Gods†. This gives greater importance to these words, making the audience take more notice them. The camera pans Evelyn and Rick as they run away from the water towards the end of the sequence. It also zooms into their facial expressions, appealing to the audience because they are slightly comical. Editing During the battle scene at the beginning of the sequence a lot of invisible editing it used. This is to be unobtrusive, so the audience’s attention is not taken away from the battle. Jump cuts are used to move from the battle to the desert, then back to another battle then to the inside of the temple. This is a common feature of their type of genre. Inside the temple a lot more variety of shot is used. Reaction shots are used a lot more frequently. For example, from Rick’s expression when he knocks Alex over, to Alex’s face, then back to Rick’s expression. Elliptical cuts are also used. For example, when Rick walks down a corridor, and then is with Evelyn after a jump cut. Invisible editing is used most frequently throughout which is common for this type of film. Mise-en-Scene The outside settings are mainly digitally created because they are too vast to create from scratch, and to detailed and precise to use a location which already exists. The inside setting is very detailed. The walls all have Egyptian markings on them, and are all covered with dirt and cobwebs. It’s also very dark. They all give an atmosphere a terror and mystery. The props used are typical of 1930’s, which is when the film is set. The types of guns and other weapons used indicate that the film is not set in modern times. The tools being used to dig with are not modern technology. The torches of fire are used as the main source of light while they are underground, which it would have been in 1933. It helps to set the scene. It also adds to the atmosphere because of the flickering shadows created. The costume is also typical of the 1930’s. The men wear shirts and trousers, with Alex wearing shorts and trousers. The costume also helps to portray heat of the desert. The three men, for example, wear head dresses and loose shirts. Other costume includes Indiana Jones styles exploring clothes Rick wears. The clothes are all in good condition, which represents they have a lot of money, which is proved later in the film, when they arrive home to their mansion. The important characters in the scene always stand in the foreground of the shot, often against a stationary background. However the characters are sometimes positioned all at one side this unsettles the audience, therefore involves them. Different emphasis is put a different bit of body language depending on the scene. When the battle is taking place outside medium long shots and long shots are used to include all the action so you don’t miss anything. Inside the temple close ups and mid shots are used to include important facial expressions, to help build the tension. Narrative structure The film doesn’t begin with equilibrium, but equilibrium is established quite early on in the sequence, when the scorpion king is killed. However two new incidents happen to complicate the story. The first being that the three men enter who have been sent to kill the O’Connell’s. The second being that taking the bracelet from its box causes the temple to collapse. A binary opposite of good Vs evil is made between the O’Connell’s and the three men is established as soon as they enter. The sequence is organised in a non-linear format. It makes use of flashbacks and visions. Genre The genre of this film is action/adventure. Generic conventions are used. For example, there’s a lot of action in a short space of time. Theres also a feeling of adventure when the characters are exploring in the temple. Fast paced loud music and guns and fighting are also generic conventions used in this sequence. There are some aspects however which are subverted. The idea of mummies is also fantasy possibly suggesting hybridisation. There are also some aspects of comic language. Characters We can tell from this sequence characters are going to be important. The scorpion king is talked about a lot and is shown using low angled shots for the majority of the time, which also increases his sense of importance. We can tell Evelyn, Rick and Alex are important because the whole sequence is based around what they are doing and why. The scorpion king is an important character. This is shown by actors such as his name, which h includes the word king giving him high status. His clothing is better than that of his army, which he also leads. He also wears lots of gold jewellery. Rick is shown to be a fighter. He is always carries guns and bullets with him and he creeps around at the beginning of the temple scene. He also likes to do things by brute force shown in the comments Evelyn says, such as â€Å"let’s do it your way† then he would bang down a door. Alex is shown to be clever. He knows a lot about ancient Egypt, because he talks to Rick about a statue, he also understand hieroglyphics, show later in the film. Vladimir Prop’s theory fits into this film in some aspects. The villain; impoteph, the donor; being Izzy who later on in the film helps them a lot, and the magical helper being Ardis who helps them throughout. Some characters do not fir in however, such as the father’s daughter.

Definition and Examples of Embolalia in Speech

Definition and Examples of Embolalia in Speech The term embolalia refers to hesitation forms in  speech-meaningless filler words, phrases, or stammerings such as um, hmm, you know, like, okay, and uh. Also called  filler, spacers, and vocal filler. Embolalia comes from two Greek words meaning something thrown in. In The Painted Word (2013),  Phil Cousineau observes that embolalia is a near-perfect word to describe what we all do at some point in our liveswe throw words around without thinking about them. Examples and Observations Um, this is a fairly unique moment both in our, you know, in our country’s history, and, and in, in, you know, my own life, and um, you know, we are facing, you know, unbelievable challenges, our economy, you know, health care, people are losing their jobs here in New York obviously um, ah, you know. (Caroline Kennedy, in an interview conducted by Nicholas Confessore and David M. Halbfinger of The New York Times, Dec. 27, 2008)Mrs. Kennedy has managed variously to seem utterly opaque while lacking in the basic skills of plain speaking. There has been not a little mockery of her dependence in conversation on the verbal filler, you know. She was heard to utter it 138 times in a conversation with reporters from The New York Times. In a single TV interview she reportedly galloped past the 200 mark. Thats a lot of you knows. (David Usborne, Now Voters Turn Against Kennedys Stuttering Campaign. The Independent, Jan. 7, 2009)Uh, in a school. And my father, he was, uh, from the United States. Just like you, ya know? He was a Yankee. Uh, he used to take me a lot to the movies. I learn. I watch the guys like Humphrey Bogart, James Cagney. They, they teach me to talk. (Al Pacino as Tony Montana in the film Scarface Ive heard about it. I hope you goyou knowI hope you go back to the ranch and the farm is what Im about to say. (President George W. Bush, explaining that he hadnt yet seen the film Brokeback Mountain, Jan. 23, 2006) Throwing Words Around The nervous, I mean, stammering habit of, you know, inserting, I mean kinda throwing meaningless words into, you know, a sentence, when youre, ah, talking. Tossing in the word throw was no accident, as evident in its  root word, the Greek emballein, from em, in, and ballein, to throw in or at . . .. So embolalia turns out to be a sixty-four-dollar-word to describe the habit of throwing around words without thinking . . .. The habit is characterized by often uncontrollable utterances  (hmm, umm, errr), and is a cringeworthy nervous tic in languages everywhere. The cause may be a general deterioration of the spoken word, or a lack of respect for it, sheer nervousness, or a disdain for proper, poetic, or colorful use of the language. (Phil Cousineau,  The Painted Word: A Treasure Chest of Remarkable Words and Their Origins. Viva, 2013)​ In Defense of Verbal Stumbles Modish public speaking coaches will tell you that its OK to say uh or um once in a while, but the prevailing wisdom is that you should avoid such disfluencies or discourse particles entirely. Its thought that they repel listeners and make speakers appear unprepared, unconfident, stupid, or anxious (or all of these together). . . .But uh and um dont deserve eradication; theres no good reason to uproot them. . . . Filled pauses appear in all of the worlds languages, and the anti-ummers have no way to explain, if theyre so ugly, what euh in French, or h and hm in German, or eto and ano in Japanese are doing in human language at all. . . .In the history of oratory and public speaking, the notion that good speaking requires umlessness is actually a fairly recent, and very American, invention. It didnt emerge as a cultural standard until the early 20th century, when the phonograph and radio suddenly held up to speakers ears all the quirks and warbles that, before then, had flitted by. (Michael Erard, â€Å"An Uh, Er, Um Essay: In Praise of Verbal Stumbles.† Slate, July 26, 2011) Further Reading Filler WordsDiscourse MarkerDysfluencyEditing TermsPlaceholderRepair

Sophie Germain - Pioneer Woman in Mathematics

Sophie Germain - Pioneer Woman in Mathematics Sophie Germaine dedicated herself early to becoming a mathematician, despite family obstacles and lack of precedent. The French Academy of Sciences awarded her a prize for a paper on the patterns produced by vibration. This work was foundational to the applied mathematics used in construction of skyscrapers today, and was important at the time to the new field of mathematical physics, especially to the study of acoustics and elasticity. Known for:First woman not related to a member by marriage to attend Academie des Sciences meetingsFirst woman invited to attend sessions at the Institut de FranceDates: April 1, 1776 - June 27, 1831Occupation: mathematician, number theorist, mathematical physicistAlso Known as: Marie-Sophie Germain, Sophia Germain, Sophie Germaine About Sophie Germain Sophie Germains father was Ambroise-Francois Germain, a wealthy middle class silk merchant and a French politician who served in the Estates Gà ©nà ©ral and later in the Constituent Assembly. He later became a director of the Bank of France. Her mother was Marie-Madeleine Gruguelu, and her sisters, one older and one younger, were named Marie-Madeleine and Angelique-Ambroise. She was known simply as Sophie to avoid confusion with all the Maries in the household. When Sophie Germain was 13, her parents kept her isolated from the turmoil of the French Revolution by keeping her in the house. She fought boredom by reading from her fathers extensive library. She may also have had private tutors during this time. Discovering Mathematics A story told of those years is that Sophie Germain read the story of Archimedes of Syracuse who was reading geometry as he was killed- and she decided to commit her life to a subject that could so absorb ones attention. After discovering geometry, Sophie Germain taught herself mathematics, and also Latin and Greek so that she could read the classical mathematics texts. Her parents opposed her study and tried to stop it, so she studied at night. They took away candles and forbid nighttime fires, even taking her clothes away, all so that she could not read at night. Her response: she smuggled candles, she wrapped herself in her bedclothes. She still found ways to study. Finally the family gave in to her mathematical study. University Study In the eighteenth century in France, a woman was not normally accepted in universities. But the École Polytechnique, where exciting research on mathematics was happening, allowed Sophie Germain to borrow the lecture notes of the universitys professors. She followed a common practice of sending comments to professors, sometimes including original notes on mathematics problems as well. But unlike male students, she used a pseudonym, M. le Blanc- hiding behind a male pseudonym as many women have done to have their ideas taken seriously. Mathematician Beginning this way, Sophie Germain corresponded with many mathematicians and M. le Blanc began to have an impact in turn on them. Two of these mathematicians stand out: Joseph-Louis Lagrange, who soon discovered that le Blanc was a woman and continued the correspondence anyway, and Carl Friedrich Gauss of Germany, who eventually also discovered that hed been exchanging ideas with a woman for three years. Before 1808 Germain mainly worked in number theory. Then she became interested in Chladni figures, patterns produced by vibration. She anonymously entered a paper on the problem into a contest sponsored by the French Academy of Sciences in 1811, and it was the only such paper submitted. The judges found errors, extended the deadline, and she was finally awarded the prize on January 8, 1816. She did not attend the ceremony, though, for fear of the scandal that might result. This work was foundational to the applied mathematics used in construction of skyscrapers today, and was important at the time to the new field of mathematical physics, especially to the study of acoustics and elasticity. In her work on number theory, Sophie Germain made partial progress on a proof of Fermats Last Theorem. For prime exponents less than 100, she showed there could be no solutions relatively prime to the exponent. Acceptance Accepted now into the community of scientists, Sophie Germain was allowed to attend sessions at the Institut de France, the first woman with this privilege. She continued her solo work and her correspondence until she died in 1831 of breast cancer. Carl Friedrich Gauss had lobbied to have an honorary doctorate awarded to Sophie Germain by Gà ¶ttingen University, but she died before it could be awarded. Legacy A school in Paris- LÉcole Sophie Germain- and a street- la rue Germain- honor her memory in Paris today. Certain prime numbers are called Sophie Germain primes. Print Bibliography Bucciarelli, Louis L., and Nancy Dworsky. Sophie Germain: An Essay in the History of the Theory of Elasticity. 1980.Dalmà ©dico, Amy D. Sophie Germain, Scientific American 265: 116-122. 1991.Laubenbacher, Reinhard and David Pengelley. Mathematical Expeditions: Chronicles by the Explorers. 1998.Sophie Germains story is told as part of the story of Fermats Last Theorem, one of five major themes in this volumeOsen, Lynn M. Women in Mathematics. 1975.Perl, Teri, and Analee Nunan. Women and Numbers: Lives of Women Mathematicians Plus Discovery Activities. 1993.

American Revolutionary War Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

American Revolutionary War - Research Paper Example The American colonists had a different way of undertaking their activities even though they emigrated from Great Britain. In the American region, individuals carried on their activities even without seeking permission from Great Britain, which was considered to control the region as a colony. The British argued that colonies were formed, in order to, be utilized for the success of the colonialists, therefore, had to contain a crown, as well as a parliament. Consequently, the British administration showed no support for the issues of having a crown as well as the legislature. Colonists experienced many unlawful and unconstitutional acts from King George who was at that time the leader within the entire Great Britain (DOI 1). In response, the colonists were angered by the actions undertaken by the king leading to the emergence of the Revolutionary War. The war commenced as a result of the urge to embrace freedom for the populaces around America. The populace rejected the control of the region by Great Britain leading to the war. At that time, Britain had little supplies for war since it has previously engaged in warfare with the French and other nations. England has resolved to create terror for the populaces after the rejection of control although they persisted throughout the war. The populaces wanted the eradication of rules concerning various issues such as intolerable acts as well as eradication of unfair duties (DOI 1). In addition, they demanded a representation inside the governing body in order to make Great Britain conscious of their needs. Upon the refusal of these demands by Great Britain, the populaces in America affirmed their sovereignty. Therefore, they had the drive to attained sovereignty thus the ability to conduct their activities without scrutiny from Great Britain. In Boston, the urge to be sovereign had already arisen ascribed to the massacre that had transpired in 1770. In the massacre, numerous Ameri cans without arms were shot at and instantly murdered by the army that was from the British origin. The anger in the populace from the Boston acted as the driving force for seeking independence for the people within that region of America. Similarly, other people had their individuals drives towards the strive for independence or sovereignty with other having multiple drives such as the acts that were considered exploitive and the numerous duties imposed on the populace. Additionally, the undertakings that the British government had carried out in American soils had been the foremost contributors towards the war. Prologue of the Intolerable acts that emerged from holding the Tea Party by the Boston populace in 1774 served as a way of castigating the populace for involving in such activities. Therefore, the instance of the prologue of the intolerable acts served as the principal rationale for involving in the rebellion that occurred within America and in opposition to Great Britain. The acts that had been undertaken by Great Britain represented rules that were carried out by Lord North. They infringed the liberties of the American populace and restricted their lives within their country. Some acts insisted on the transfer of trails to Britain, as well as, other regions in case the feeling was that justice would not prevail within the places that the trails were initially conducted. Other acts were the Quartering acts that allowed the army, to dwell in houses, as well as, other

Leadership Analysis Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Leadership Analysis - Research Paper Example These grand challenges however, also highlight the overall human element involved in achieving the superior performance as well as manage the modern organizations in most professional manner. What is also significant to understand that increasingly complex organizations at the global level have also created challenges for the firms to manage their expenses while at the same time ensure that employees remain motivated. This has only become possible due to the increasing level of insecurity related with the job and fear of unemployment. Organizations like Wal-Mart has been accused of discriminating on pay issues especially with women and as such the overall impression of such global organizations is not considered as favorable. This paper will therefore attempt to discuss and explore human side of the leadership and provide a leadership and motivation analysis of the issues identified above. The Human side of Management’s Grand Challenges One of the key challenges faced by the o rganizations is to ensure that organization delivers socially significant goals. This should also be considered along with full embodiment of community and citizenship ideas of the organization. ... Reduction of fear and insecurity is another critical important element to be considered because fear and insecurity may not allow employees to become creative and innovative in nature. Besides, this can also force them to resist any change for the betterment of the organization as a whole. Creation of diversity and allowing disagreement is also another element to be considered in order to become effective leader. This should allow the employees to not only feel themselves as part of the organization but also contribute positively towards the achievement of organizational goals. This also could be associated with the unleashing of the human imagination and achievement of desired level of performance through developing holistic performance measures. Leaders of today are also required to share the responsibility of goal setting under which sharing an employee’s voice to be considered as productive rather than a sign of power. Leaders therefore have to ensure that they achieve the desired level of commitment from their employees by giving thorough consideration to the voice of the employees and making them part of the overall process of setting the direction for the firm. This process will allow the leaders to have access to diversified range of creative ideas also. Finally, in order to achieve better performance, it is critical that the management must be able to overcome complacency and allow autonomy to the employees so that decisions can be made at local level. Unemployment and its Impact on Motivation: Motivation can arise at two levels i.e. explicit as well as implicit motivation and organizations can actually design and develop policies to

Social and Developmental Essay Example for Free

Social and Developmental Essay Psychodynamic theories of personality have impacted greatly on the Developmental Psychology of today. They originated with the work of Sigmund Freud in the later part of the nineteenth and beginning of the 18th century. Freud, Jung, Erickson and Fromm all focussed on the unconscious mind and the effects of early childhood experiences on the development of personality. Freuds psychosexual model is based on 5 stages with the first five years of life being most crucial to development of personality. Erikson proposed an 8 stage psychosocial plan, which placed importance on the whole lifespan, arguing that development does not cease at a certain age. According to Hayes (2000) both Freud and Jung argued that personality was set by childhood experiences and was due partly to maturation and partly to the influences of close family. Fromm on the other hand recognised both factors as well as acknowledging society as a third factor in the formation of personality. A more current view based on both the psychoanalytical and biological approaches is that of Bowlby (1969) who studied attachment in children. His Affective perspective concentrates on emotional development and has had an impact how children are cared for whilst away from their central carer for example whilst in childcare or hospital. Genetic and Biological explanations propose that each individual is born with genetically determined characteristic patterns of personality. Studies of twins show that identical twins brought up apart share much more in common than fraternal twins. The Minnesota twin study, (Bouchard, 1984 as cited by Bee 2000 p266) not only demonstrated this point, but also uncovered striking similarities in aspects such as taste in clothes, hobbies and interests, posture, body language etc. in identical twins who had never met each other. The biological approach to personality is strongly supported by a large amount of empirical research and as such is difficult to dispute. As Bee (2000) explains there is simply no refuting the fact that built-in genetic and physiological patterns underlie what we think of as both temperament and personality. (Bee 2000 p269) Some studies show that as much as 60% of our personality is genetically determined. A further strength in the biological explanation is that it is interactionist, thereby acknowledging the role of the environment in addition to the biological factors. The biological approach has one main weakness in that it does not account for change as temperament is not necessarily permanent.

The Power of Internet Feedback :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

The Power of Internet Feedback Eight Sources I. Introduction Feedback is one of the most important elements to a businesses success. No matter what the business, all have to deal with two constants, customers and customer satisfaction. These two things lay the groundwork for a successful business. The customers come from various types of media strategies such as advertising, mail-order publications, public relations, retailing and merchandising, sales, market research, and prices of goods. In order for a business to be competitive in its market the business must know what the customer wants, what price the customer is willing to pay, why the customer would buy one brand over another and other feelings that customers need met that would make them buy your product or service. Great customer service is the difference that makes the difference, whether your customers deal repeatedly with one representative of your company or with a different person each time they call, whether you do business face-to-face or electronically. Internet feedback is the new wave as far as getting feedback from customers, "A company can't create advocates without a true understanding of customer preferences. Not surprisingly, much of the innovation and groundbreaking techniques for "listening" to customers is coming from the Web world (Griffin.)" This is why Internet feedback is one of the most useful and resourceful tools a business or institution can have at its fingertips today. II. Literature Review and Findings The literature I found to be most relevant to the type of information that I deemed most important covered a websites ability to satisfy a customer having specific feedback goals from the website. In an essay written by Jakob Nielsen and Marie Tahir called, Design Usability: Keep Your Users In Mind Incorporating Feedback at Several Stages into an Ongoing Design Process Will Help a Site to Thrive. In this article the authors describe how the Web, like nothing else, has taught people how easy it is to walk away from a poorly designed product. The truth with the person who could easily and swiftly go to your website they can leave just as fast. A person who has invested the time to drive to a mall might be willing to suffer through a long checkout process much more readily than a Web customer, who can just as easily click over to the competition.

Immune to Reality Essay

â€Å"Upon my back, to defend my belly; upon my wit, to defend my wiles; upon my secrecy, to defend mine honesty; my mask, to defend my beauty. † (William Shakespeare Troilus and Cressida) (Gilbert 133)This quote pertains to the mind protecting and or lying to you to not be harmed, which has been proved in test today. Immune To Reality written by Daniel Gilbert is a piece about how the mind can play tricks on us by covering up the truth with a believable lie, how we â€Å"cook facts† (134), and how our mind’s choices can affect our feelings. Throughout this essay I will be discussing a real life situation of my own, and the studies and the outcomes and whether they make sense or not. They say the mind protects us from ourselves, but we also â€Å"cook facts† (134) which happen to go hand in hand. Cooking facts are â€Å"†¦deliberate attempts to generate positive views†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (134) a few examples are failing miserably on the test but tell yourself there is always next time and you’ll study harder for the next one and example from the book being is that your fiance left you at the altar but saying â€Å"She was never really right for me†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (134). The mind tries to protect us from remembering bad things or bad experiences. I’ve seen some of my friends try and deny the fact that his father had died of cancer, he just didn’t believe it until the day of his funeral. But in the end they made it in their mind that he was in a better place and no longer suffering. In my own case, my family and I were coming back from a trip to Florida on a coach bus which ended up being hit by another car and flipped on its side on a four lane highway which ended up being hit by two more cars. I am thankful to say that I was buckled so I only came out of the crash with a concussion, but it still affects me every day. My vision has never been the same, yeah sure I can read really fast when I’m reading to myself but when it comes to reading out loud. It’s a completely different story. There’s no medical term for it but the best way they could put it is that I have an acute form of dyslexia. I just thank to this day that it actually isn’t worse than it could be and this being my cooked facts. To this day I cannot remember anything about the crash, this being the way my mind protects me from pain. Our minds and feelings are always going to have some sort of connection since it is our brain that tells our body us what we are feeling. Studies show that what we choose can really affect our moods for the time being or even throughout a week. On pages 135-136 a study shows a group of volunteers went through a job interview. â€Å"Some of the volunteers were told that their interview would be seen by a judge†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (135) â€Å"Other volunteers were told that their interview would be seen by a jury†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (315) the volunteers not knowing that everyone would be rejected the job. The Pre Rejection Prediction shows that the volunteers wouldn’t have really cared if they were rejected by the solo judge or the jury group, but what the results showed is that the group of volunteers that were rejected by the jury was much more upset than the ones rejected by the solo judge. I mean I’d be upset if 12 people told me I wasn’t capable to do a job, you automatically think that something is wrong with you. But with the judge your mind just makes up excuses to make you feel better, examples being he doesn’t know the real me or I don’t really need that job anyway. The mind is very deceiving, but it is sometimes for the best. When you need protection from yourself or whether it’s to give you a boost. We just need to be able to tell when and when not our mind is doing these things. References: * Gilbert, Daniel. â€Å"Immune to Reality. † The New Humanities Reader. By Richard E. Miller and Kurt Spellmeyer. 4th ed. Boston, MA: Wadsworth, n. d. 133-50. Print.

Media Culture: the Triumph of the Spectacle

Media Culture: the Triumph of the Spectacle â€Å"Media culture is a contested terrain across which key social groups and competing political ideologies struggle for dominance and . . . individuals live these struggles through the images, discourses, myths, and spectacle of media culture† -Douglas Kellner, Media Culture Table of Contents Introduction——————————————————————————————-3 History of Media————————————————————————————-4 Media Spectacle————————————————————————————–5 Douglas Kellner’s Contribution & Guy Debord’s Influential Analysis of Spectacle——-7 The Spectacle Form of Media Culture————————————— ———————8 The Spectacle in the World of Business———————————————————-9 The World of Celebrities————————————————————————–10 The Madonna Phenomenon———————————————————————–10 The World of Politics——————————————————————————11 Conclusion———————â₠¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€13 Bibliography—————————————————————————————-14 Introduction At the end of the twentieth century, society became more and more aware of the changes in communication technology. People began to see changes in ommunication between individuals, changes in how individuals and society communicated, and changes in communication between societies and cultures. This led to an understanding of human development. The ability to communicate with the help of symbols is one of the fundamental features that differentiate us from the rest of the animal world. Without these practical communication skills and the intellectu al capacity needed to use these skills to transmit, preserve, and propagate thoughts, emotions, and values, it would not have been possible to create such unique religious, ideological, and philosophical systems. Furthermore, without communication, we would not have art. Art has had a strong relationship with the media throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. New inventions and technology created a very favorable atmosphere for the development of new methods and means of communication. These new communication methods both benefited and furthered events within society. At the end of the 20th century, advanced methods and technologies in the field of communication fully changed the face of the world. Due to this change, some say it is very hard to find the line between reality and the reality that has been created and filtered by media. Some contemporary communication theoreticians have said that we find ourselves in the era of the simulation of the world. History of Media Mass media, a term that arose in the United States in the early 20th century with the advent of far-reaching advertising campaigns and news networks, includes all those mediums through which information is distributed to the masses. This includes advertisements, newspapers, magazines, radio, television, and the internet. According to some scientists, people started to speak of the media as far back as ancient Greece and Rome. These discussions of media focused mostly on the rhetoric surrounding the practice of persuasion. The Greek philosopher Aristotle said that rhetoric is â€Å"the faculty of discovering in any particular case all the methods of persuasion. † This kind of communication puts a heavy emphasis on meaning, and how the meaning is constructed and conveyed. Current mass media works in a similar way. One of the most important goals f today’s media is to construct a message that will convince the receiver to agree to do or believe something. The earliest surv iving copy of a paper book, a Kumarajiva translation of the Hindu text The Diamond Sutra, is dated 868 CE (AD). Due to the slow spread of literacy among the common people, and the relatively high cost of paper and production of written media, written materials did not exist as widespread media until Johannes Gutenberg’s 1450 CE invention of the printing press with movable type. Thanks to Gutenberg’s invention, printed materials suddenly became much less expensive, and the spread of information in the form of written material became much easier. However, much of the population still remained illiterate and the cost of publishing printed materials remained high enough to limit media from reaching a wide range of the population. Newspapers were first developed in 1605. The first English-language newspaper was published in Amsterdam in 1620. Soon after that, newspapers published in England, and, eventually, in America, began to reach mass audiences directly. Around this same time, America was being colonized, and printed and written materials played an important role. Revolutionary material such as Thomas Paine’s Common Sense was published and distributed to the colonists, allowing the spread of ideas that eventually resulted in the creation of the United States. The Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the Mayflower Compact1 were all examples of early colonial and American documents that figured prominently in the development of America as a nation. In the 1940s, new technologies and advancements in the field of media began to emerge. Radio began to play a major role in mass communication, as America went to war. Radio could provide information much faster than newspapers. These new advents in technology allowed media to gain significance, new meaning, and wider function. Radio, film, advertising, and the press grew as industries and became the center of the culture of communication within the U. S. nd within other capitalist democracies. The culture of media became a dominant force within all aspects of life, including politics and social life. 2 It was the beginning of a new era. The media industry began to concentrate on the invention of new technologies. They both wanted to provide people with a wide range of different good s from which they could choose but also wanted to continue to develop ways in which to reach and influence people. The media could now easily affect the minds of the public, forcing the people to accept a particular set of beliefs, which occasionally diverted from actual reality. Societies started to be manipulated and people were indoctrinated. The main goal of media was and still is to be persuasive enough to attract the attention of a potential receiver, and one of the most convenient ways to accomplish this goal is through the multimedia spectacle. Media Spectacle ‘Media spectacle' is a term created by Douglas Kellner to describe the creation by modern media of a display of contemporary dreams, nightmares, fantasies and values. The phenomenon of media spectacle has evolved over centuries, starting in ancient Greece and moving forward through hundreds of years of wars and other major public events. Today, media spectacle continually strives to achieve sensation and attract attention. In the contemporary world, media spectacle exists in nearly all spheres of our lives. The role of the media is not only to inform, educate, teach, and persuade but also to entertain. The role of media today might suggest that the â€Å"fun factor† has become the leading motivation for our involvement in media and information. The main goal in media is now to attract the visual attention of potential consumers. Therefore, images have become more important than text. It is also very important for the creators and producers of media to keep up with ongoing changes in public interest and attitudes, so media companies face a continual need to be flexible and creative in order to reach consumers. This applies not only to advertisment but also to political and entertainment media in general. Media not only needs to be visual and relevant, but also attractive. Advertisers, public relations departments, and political campaigners need to create messages that are structured in an attractive way, so that it reaches viewers and corresponds to their high expectations of mass media. If this is not done, the consumer will likely not respond to the media. It frequently occurs that a person is faced with a constant influx of media. The information that he or she is presented with may come from a variety of sources, and is likely both true and false information. Over time, it may become difficult for the consumer to distinguish between what is right and what is wrong; to distinguish between reality and fiction. Modern life is shaped by media. It is a power that affects both conscious and subconscious decisions and shapes ideas. We are surrounded by media. Boorstin writes that â€Å"each society and its culture are impelled by fascination with the image and the stimulation and due to it lost its grounding in substance or reality†. 3 Douglas Kellner’s Contribution & Guy Debord’s Influential Analysis of Spectacle Widely recognized social scientist Douglas Kellner and sociologist Guy Debord focused heavily on the topic of the Media Spectacle and its impact on perceived reality. Kellner is the author of the article â€Å"Media Culture and the Triumph of the Spectacle. † The scope of his activity and achievement includes membership in the American Sociological Association. He was also a member of the editorial service board of many journals including Theory, Culture, and Society. It is this journal that for more than twenty years has published some of the most innovative works in social science. It has been in the forefront of the renewal of cultural sociology. It provides a forum for articles that theorize the relationship between culture and society. In his article Kellner refers to ideas put forward by Guy Deboard. He is known for his impact through the group known as Situationist International. This was a libertarian group that came to prominence during the May Events in France in 1968. This band of avant-garde artists and intellectuals was influenced by Dada, Surrealism and Letterism and concerned themselves with the infusion of poetry and music, and with the transformation of the urban landscape. At first, the group was principally concerned with the suppression of art, that is to say they wished, like the Dadaist and the Surrealists before them, to supercede the boundary between art and culture as separate activities and to transform them into part of everyday life. In their analysis, the Situationists argue that capitalism limited life as a spectacle. The spectacle is the main concept of their theory (in many ways they reworked Marx's view of alienation). They say that the worker is alienated from his product and from his fellow worker and finds himself living in an alien world; moreover, they argue that capitalism, in order to ensure its economic growth, has created â€Å"pseudo-needs† to increase the consumption. According to this theory, modern society, or consumer society, is now a society of spectacular commodity consumption. People within this spectacle are treated like objects, rather than like active subjects. In this theory, people are like marionettes whose strings are pulled by invisible power. The Situationists’ idea was, in spite of all kinds of separation, to make a world in which individuals could directly produce their own life; in other words, to engage people in an active, creative life. The solution, for them, was not to wait for a distant revolution but to take a different approach, a â€Å"step by step† process of the reinvention of everyday life, here and now. To transform peoples’ participation in the world was for them the same thing as changing the structure of society. In the place of the society of the spectacle the Situationists proposed a society without money, commodity production, private property, wage labour, class division, based generally on communist ideas. The most important tenet of the proposal was that the so-called pseudo-needs would be replaced by real desires. This utopial ideal seemed to some to be slightly out of touch with reality but aimed to move the focus of the world away from lies and distortion. The Situationists placed a large amount of focus on the concept that individuals should actively and consciously participate in the reconstruction of every moment of life. They called themselves Situationists because they believed that all individuals should construct the situations of their lives, release their own potential, and obtain their own pleasure. The Spectacle-Form of Media Culture As I wrote earlier, spectacle culture has expanded in every area of life â€Å"and is becoming one of the organizing principles of the economy, polity, society†4. Guy Debord argues that â€Å"spectacle is†¦ social relation among people, mediated by images. The spectacle †¦ is a world vision, which has become objectified. . . in all its specific forms, as information or propaganda, as advertisement or direct entertainment consumption, the spectacle is the present model of socially dominant life†¦. â€Å"5. The spectacle phenomenon in this case refers to both high culture and to low cultural shows. The development of new media technologies made it easier for media to exercise influence over contemporary societies and cultures. In these societies media presented with images has the edge over plain texts. The visual spectacle, which combines all aspects of culture that communicate through visual means, made itself the ruler of the â€Å"outside world†. Factories and offices where people work are visually soaked environments. Films, television, video games, and the internet are also part of the influx of visual media that affects our thinking and behaviors. Moreover, we comunicate with the help of visualization. When we are trying to cross over cultural boundaries, our knowledge is often communicated visually, for example, we may use visual cues such as map boundaries and business graphs and data. The Spectacle in the World of Business The propagation of the spectacle is a major aspect of business, and plays a decisive role in whether any given corporation will succeed or not. Businesses, in order to survive, need to be present and visible for the potential customer. Entertainment and advertisement are the powers that support the business world through various of methods, one of which is creating a ‘pseudo event’. The idea of a ‘pseudo event’ was put forward by Daniel Boorstin, an American historian, who claimed that America and other countries find themselves in an age of illusion. The ‘pseudo event’ occurs where â€Å"an event is planned and staged entirely for the media, which accrues significance through the scale of its media coverage rather than through any more disinterested assessment of its importance†. 6 So to speak â€Å"pseudo event† exist for sole purpose of supporting media publicity and serves little to no other function in real life and is considered â€Å"real† only after viewing through news, advertisements, television, or other types of media. An extremely simple example is sitting for a family portrait. The event serves no other purpose than to be viewed through a photograph. Other examples include media spectacles, and many types of news. The World of Celebrities Media contributes to the creation of celebrities. â€Å"The celebrity†¦ is the human pseudo event, fabricated for the media and evaluated in terms of the scale and effectiveness of its media yisibility†. 7 A famous person provides dominant role models and icons of fashion, style, personality, and, at the same time, leads to the enrichment of the media industry. Media entrepreneurs want celebrities involved with their projects because they believe this will help them attract audiences. Film producers use stars as mean of attracting investment to their projects. Marketers use public celebrity statements as a means of profiling and branding their products. Sports promoters use celebrity athletes to attract media attention and increase the number of people who would come to that sport event. Celebrities also make money for the individual concerned. Their success depends on various handlers and image managers that help them to develop their public persona. Celebrities invade all kinds of sites today, ranging from contests in shopping malls to the management of major political campaigns. The importance of publicity, promotion and the exploitation of the media event are omnipresent. The Madonna Phenomenon Madonna became a master in her use of image with the help of mass media. Daniel Borstin is responsible for one of the most widely quoted aphorisms about celebrity: â€Å"the celebrity is a person who is well-known for his well-knownness. . . the celebrity develops its capacity for fame, not by achieving great things, but by differentiating its own personality from those of its competitors in the public arena. â€Å"8   Madonna has achieved just that. She has total control over her shows. She writes the songs, produces the music, and designs the stage sets. She controls all aspects of her show; not just her spectacle, but also all the things she does, including her films and public appearances. Madonna's entire life turns around the presentation of her image. Madonna is one of the greatest PR machines in history and she has hired top agents, publicists, and creative personnel to market her and produce her images. From the beginning her every move was surrounded by publicity and year after year Madonna references in media culture have proliferated. â₠¬Å"9   The circulation of an image plays a very important role as well. Madonna constantly changes her public image. Whoever she is at the moment; a good girl gone bad or a virgin in white, a glamour queen or a cosmic spirit or, finally, a doting mother, her ability to change images every couple of years has fascinated the world, and has been vital in her success. There is also other side of the coin, the pessimistic one, that assumes that Madonna is a victim of her own image, or that she finds herself in an artificially constructed reality. That problem is not only a problem for her, but also for our culture as a whole. Image is dominating more and more of our lives. The World of Politics â€Å"The brutal reality of the modern age is that all famous people are treated like celebrities by mass media, whether they be a great political figure, a worthy campaigner, an artist touched by genius, a serial killer. The newspapers and television programs responsible for their publicity do not draw any meaningful distinction between how they are publicised. â€Å"10 The most significant thing is to make a spectacle of oneself in order to be recognizable. If you want to gain the state of being popular you have to make yourself highly desirable, and the most important thing is to be visible through the media. No special achievements are needed to be popular; only the attraction of public attention is required. In the world of politics, if one wants to be good politician, one has to be spectacular. The management of the media' reporting of politics has become increasingly important to contemporary political campaigns. Public relations consultants, media advisers, and press officers have become standard components of the contemporary world of politics. Media spectacle is also an inseparable part of politics. It can often be seen that most well-known people engage in politics. This can be interpreted as political manipulation. It is possible that it is useful because spectators find it easier to identify with a celebrity that they know from TV than with a person that they are seeing for the first time. Conclusion In the contemporary world, mass media, and as a part of mass media, media spectacle, play very important roles. So many people live their lives or parts of their lives vicariously through the image world of the media- through TV, through soap operas, through any media outlet. Everything is just a matter of subjective perspective; everything is relative, depending on where you stand. Everything turns around the world we choose or create for ourselves. There is no reality, there are only images, different images. We can only see the world from where we stand, from that context, that language, that constructed reality. In other words, the things that you say and do are all coming from the outside-from the world of media. The real you is lost. Life becomes virtual, and we are living in the image. Bibliography: 1. Reader â€Å"Literary and Cultural Representation of American Society: Visual Media†, Prof. Dr. R. Isensee, â€Å"Super Media, A Cultural Studies Approach†, Michael R. Real, pp. 26 2. â€Å"Media Culture, Cultural studies, identity and politics between the modern and the postmodern. †, Douglas Kellner, pp. 16. 3. â€Å"Understanding celebrity†, Graeme Turner, Introduction, pp. 5. 4. Reader â€Å"Literary and Cultural Representation of American Society: Visual Media†, Prof. Dr. R. Isensee, â€Å"Media Culture and the Triumph of the Spectacle†, Douglas Kellner, pp. 1. 5. Debord Guy, â€Å"Separation Perfected†, in Evans and Hall(eds. ), â€Å"Visual Culture†,the Reader. Sage Publication, pp. 95-96 6. â€Å"Understanding celebrity†, Graeme Turner, Introduction, pp. 5. 7. â€Å"Understanding celebrity†, Graeme Turner, Introduction, pp. 5. 8. â€Å"Understanding celebrity†, Graeme Turner, Introduction, pp. 5. 9. â€Å"Media Culture, Cultural studies, identity and politics between the modern and the postmodern. †, Douglas Kellner, pp. 268 10. â€Å"Understanding celebrity†, Graeme Turner, Introduction, pp. 7. 11. â€Å"Visual Persuation- The Role of Images in Advertising†, Paul Messaris 12 â€Å"Mass Media and Society†(second edition), editied by James Curran and Michael Gurevitch.

The Crime Film,Compares scarface and Bonnie and Clyde

The Crime Film,Compares scarface and Bonnie and Clyde Compares scarface and Bonnie and Clyde -When looking at the crime film it is important to understand the nature of the films genre. The genre is a way for the audience to distinguish types of films. These are categorised together because of standard protocols developed for a particular types or styles of film. These films usually follow similar guidelines in order to produce a predictable style for the audience. The development of genre films is not entirely the prerogative of Hollywood. It is more the desire of the public viewing audience to have an idea of the type of film they are about to see. The western, musical or the gangster film are examples of genre films. These categories of films all have similarities in the ways in which they are made: musicals end happily; the westerns will all have the final shoot out; and the gangsters will all be overcome by justice or meet their own demise.Cropped screenshot from the trailer for the 1932 f...The reason for the consistency in the fi lms is the publics desire to make an informed choice not and not to go in blind.By using the genre qualification, the industry is able to target societal groups and try to produce and market what they want to see. The public attends a film because they think they might enjoy some aspect of it. The film genre follows a set of abstract rules that allows the public to informally categorize films. These rules must be viewed from an flexible point of view in order to legitimize their future existence. By using this method of categorizing films the public is able to decide which films they wish to see and those they do not. Some people love musicals and if they were to go to one and find there was no music or...

3 Major Ways Slaves Showed Resistance to Slavery

3 Major Ways Slaves Showed Resistance to Slavery Slaves in the United States used a number of measures to show resistance to slavery. These methods arose after the first slaves arrived in North America in 1619. Slavery created an economic system that persisted until 1865 when the Thirteenth Amendment abolished the practice. But before slavery was abolished, slaves had three available methods to resist slavery: they could rebel against slaveholders, they could run away, or they could perform small, daily acts of resistance, such as slowing down work. Rebellions The Stono Rebellion in 1739, Gabriel Prossers conspiracy in 1800, Denmark Veseys plot in 1822, and Nat Turners Rebellion in 1831 are the most prominent slave revolts in American history. But only the Stono Rebellion and Nat Turners Rebellion achieved any success. White Southerners managed to derail the other planned rebellions before any attack could take place. Many slave owners in the United States became anxious in the wake of the successful slave revolt in Saint-Domingue (now known as Haiti), which  brought independence  to the  colony  in 1804 after years of conflict with French, Spanish, and British military expeditions.  Slaves in the American colonies (later the United States), knew that mounting a rebellion was extremely difficult. Whites greatly outnumbered slaves. And even in states like South Carolina, where whites made up only 47 percent of the  population by 1810, slaves could not take on whites armed with guns.   Importing Africans to the United States to be sold into slavery ended in 1808. Slave owners had to rely on a natural increase in the slave population to increase their labor force. This meant breeding slaves, and many slaves feared that their children, siblings, and other relatives would suffer the consequences if they rebelled.   Runaway Slaves Running away was another form of resistance. Slaves who ran away most often did so for a short period of time. These runaway slaves might hide in a nearby forest or visit a relative or spouse on another plantation. They did so to escape a harsh punishment that had been threatened, to obtain relief from a heavy workload, or just to escape the drudgery of everyday life under slavery. Others were able to run away and escape slavery permanently. Some escaped and hid, forming Maroon communities in nearby forests and swamps. When northern states began to abolish slavery after the Revolutionary War, the north came to symbolize freedom for many slaves, who spread the word that following the North Star could lead to freedom. Sometimes, these instructions were even spread musically, hidden in the words of spirituals. For instance, the spiritual Follow the Drinking Gourd made reference to the Big Dipper and the North Star and was likely used to guide slaves north to Canada. The Risks of Fleeing Running away was difficult. Slaves had to leave family members behind and risk harsh punishment or even death if caught. Many of the successful runaways only triumphed after multiple attempts. More slaves escaped from the upper south than from the lower south, as they were nearer to the north and thus nearer to freedom. Young men had the easiest time of running away because they were more likely to be sold away from their families, including their children. Young men were also sometimes hired out to other plantations or sent on errands, so they could more easily come up with a cover story for being on their own. A network of sympathetic individuals who helped slaves escape to the north emerged by the 19th century. This network earned the name the Underground Railroad in the 1830s. Harriet Tubman is the best known conductor of the Underground Railroad, helping over 200 other slaves escape after she herself reached freedom in 1849. But most runaway slaves were on their own, especially while they were still in the south. Runaway slaves would often choose holidays or days off to give them extra lead time before being missed in the fields or at work. Many fled on foot, coming up with ways to throw off dogs in pursuit, such as using pepper to disguise their scents. Some stole horses or even stowed away on ships to escape slavery. Historians are unsure of how many slaves permanently escaped. An estimated 100,000 fled to freedom over the course of the 19th century, according to James A. Banks in March Toward Freedom: A History of Black Americans. Slaves Retaliate With Ordinary Acts of Resistance The most common form of slave resistance was day-to-day resistance or small acts of rebellion. This form of resistance included sabotage, such as breaking tools or setting fire to buildings. Striking out at a slave owners property was a way to strike at the man himself, albeit indirectly. Other methods of day-to-day resistance were feigning illness, playing dumb, or slowing down work. Both men and women faked being ill to gain relief from their harsh working conditions. Women may have been able to feign illness more easily, as they were expected to provide their owners with children. At least some owners would have wanted to protect the childbearing capacity of their female slaves. Some slaves could also play on their masters and mistresses prejudices by appearing to not understand instructions. When possible, slaves could also decrease their pace of work. Women more often worked in the household and could sometimes use their position to undermine their masters. Historian Deborah Gray White tells of the case of a slave woman who was executed in 1755 in Charleston, S.C., for poisoning her master. White also argues that women may have resisted against a special burden under slavery, that of providing slaveholders with more slaves by bearing children. She speculates that women may have used birth control or abortion to keep their children out of slavery. While this cannot be known for certain, White points out that many slave owners were convinced that female slaves had ways of preventing pregnancy. Throughout the history of American slavery, Africans and African-Americans resisted whenever possible. The odds against slaves succeeding in a rebellion or in escaping permanently were so overwhelming that most slaves resisted the only way they could - through individual actions. But slaves also resisted the system of slavery through the formation of a distinctive culture and through their religious beliefs, which kept hope alive in the face of such severe persecution. Sources Banks, James A. March Toward Freedom: A History of Black Americans. Paperback, 2nd edition, Fearon Publishers,1974. Ford, Lacy K. Deliver Us From Evil: The Slavery Question in the Old South. 1st Edition, Oxford University Press, August 15, 2009. Franklin, John Hope. Runaway Slaves: Rebels on the Plantation. Loren Schweninger, Oxford University Press, July 20, 2000. Raboteau, Albert J. Slave Religion: The Invisible Institution in the Antebellum South. Paperback, Updated edition, Oxford University Press, October 7, 2004. White, Deborah Gray. â€Å"Let My People Go: 1804-1860† The Young Oxford History of African Americans, Hardcover, 1 edition, Oxford University Press, September 12, 1996.

Differences Between the Disease Model and the Harm Reduction Model Research Paper

Differences Between the Disease Model and the Harm Reduction Model - Research Paper Example Sheff) and his father’s perspective. Both books (Beautiful Boy by David Sheff and Tweak, by Nick Sheff) avail a fascinating perspective on addiction, and how it is a family disease affecting afflicted member, as well as all who interact with the person. The disease model of addiction stipulates that individuals addicted to alcohol and other drugs possess a chronic disease that can never be cured, although it can be contained. The model holds that the ideal outcome for individuals with addiction is total abstinence, since anyone who still uses any quantity of drugs continues to activate the strong cravings for drugs of choice. The disease model defines alcoholism and any other drug addiction as a biogenetic disease in need of treatment. Disease model is less stigmatizing compared to moral model and, thus, represents an advantage. Nevertheless, both models perceive the user as powerless over consumption and emphasize abstinence as the only feasible means of recovery. According to the disease model, chemical dependency represents a psychosocial phenomenon (Wormer, 1999). The disease model comes out as scientifically and morally correct and effective with motivated clients. Disease model perceives alcoholism or any other drug use as irreversible and the drug user as a person having an abnormal condition. Disease model holds that addiction is a biologically-based syndrome embracing psychological and social components that influence its expression. The model holds that predisposition to addiction is invisible and can be inherited. Other assumptions of the model include the premise that addiction remains dormant (in remission) unless reactivated by alcohol/drug use. The model stipulates that if left unattended, the disease becomes progressively worse, leading to disability and death. Disease model holds that disease is generic to all psychoactive substances regardless of the distinct substances that the individual may happen to choose (Marlatt &

Did women have a Renaissance Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Did women have a Renaissance - Term Paper Example It is also pertinent to note that the female gender saw an increase in educational opportunities during the renaissance. Though, this was actually slight when compared to the opportunities that came the way of men during this period, but the fact remains that the women saw an improvement in the educational opportunities that came their way during the renaissance especially the women in the upper class. The renaissance was a period when the world had more women from rich families attending private lessons at home or schools of the royal court. However, there was a limitation in this regard as the women were only made to study subjects that are suited for them. Subjects such as: art, dancing, music, needlework, and poetry were the ones that people felt should be studied by women. According to Matthews & Platt, â€Å"Work was increasingly divided according to gender, with women being assigned domestic duties and subordinated and restricted within the economic, social, legal, and cultur al system.† (120). Hence, women had restrictions in the area of education during the renaissance. It could then be right to argue that women did not have a total renaissance, but a partial one. The middle and lower class women were not given the kind of privilege that was given to the upper-class women as they limited them, especially the rural peasants to training in household duties such as sewing and cooking. However, there are several women that had the kind of privileges that was given to men and one of them is Isabella d'Este. She was born in 1474 and died in 1539. Isabella was an assiduous woman and a highly intelligent diplomat. Isabella received male education and she collected works of art from foremost artists of the century she lived through. The case of Isabella is just one out of several thousands of women. The fact that Isabella Este rose to the heights that was deemed impossible for women to reach does not necessarily mean that women really had a significant re naissance, but it could be argued that some women showed that what men can do, women can even do far better. The educational status that was attained by Isabella could only be attained by women that were given the kind of educational opportunity that Isabella had. It should also be noted that the education that women received were dominated by the males, hence they could only learn the things that the males allowed them to learn. Hence, women still played second fiddle to their male counterparts in the area of education (Cairns). There were also well-grounded female scholars that were writing during the period of the Renaissance. Women began to participate freely during the Renaissance as this period saw an increase in the number of female artists, musicians and poets. Though, the period of Renaissance saw more women entering the intellectual life, but they did play any significant role when compared to the roles that the men played during this period. Some women actually proved to their male counterparts that they were capable of holding political powers during the Renaissance period. One of them was Queen Elizabeth I of England. The manner at which Queen Elizabeth ruled her kingdom showed that women were ready to take over key leadership roles from their male counterparts. The impact made by Elizabeth as a woman did not really change the

Antifascism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Antifascism - Essay Example One such occurrence was in Spain. At that time, there were strong clerical fascist forces that were introduced by Francisco Franco. Consequently, antifascist movements were formed to oppose Franco's ideologies. These latter movements were characterised by anarchist militias. Antifascism was also visible in Italy; antifascist's uprisings in the early twentieth century were responsible for freedom from fascists. Mason D ed, (2003) Perhaps the most outstanding depiction of antifascism was witnessed in Germany. This was during the Nazi era in the 1920s. Antifascists in this era took up a militant stand point. Antifascists at that time argued that it was necessary for them to defend themselves against those who supported Nazism. This was because they felt susceptible to their actions and could not be protected by another external force like the State. However that aggressive standpoint has been criticised by another version of antifascists who believe that violence should not be part of the principle. They argue that this shifts blame form the real perpetrators to the antifascists themselves. (Banton, 1998) In light of the above facts, some contradictions arise both in the definition and in the practice of Antifascism. These latter facts will be examined below with the purpose of showing that antifascism should not be considered as an ideology on its own right. Antifascism as an ideology supports the working ... Such drastic political changes cannot come without a price. Most of the time, the government of the day will rise up in opposition to these movements and consequently defeat the very purpose of the antifascists. This was especially visible during Hitler's time; it was realised that the only way the government could have power over its people was through repressive orders that overruled antifascists. With this in mind, antifascism beats the very purpose for which it was created and therefore cannot stand alone as an independent ideology. Contradictions in 'revolutionary antifascism' Antifascism per say arises out of the need to eliminate dictatorship ideologies. In that context, it cannot apply those same ideologies that it is trying to eliminate during achievement of its objectives; instead it must use other avenues that are less oppressive. Therefore antifascism goes hand in hand with democracy as opposed to dictatorships. This is a fact that is synonymous with the very nature and logic of antifascism. (Gray, 2007) However, there are instances when a support of antifascism changes to a political embodiment. It is possible to be against fascism and not be an antifascist. The former signifies an individual who opposes ideas/ ideologies brought forward by fascists. Such people regard acts committed by people such as Hitler and Franco as appalling. However, an antifascist is one who takes up a political standpoint against a threat or a fascist state and they regard that party as an enemy that must be eliminated at all costs. This therefore means that the aspect of 'revolutionary antifascism' inevitably becomes a contradiction since it embraces a communist element. The problem with communist